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Kaltim Prima Coal

In 1982, PT Kaltim Prima Coal (“KPC”) located at Sengata, on the East coast of Kalimantan, entered into a Coal Contract of Work (“CCOW”) to explore, produce and market coal from its agreement area in East Kalimantan.

KPC is one of the largest mines of its type in the world. The concession area reaches 90,960 hectares. KPC produces three types of coal: Prima, Pinang and Melawan. Prima and Pinang are high quality bituminous coals with low ash and sulphur content. The coals have excellent combustion performance. Melawan is sub-bituminous coal exhibiting low ash and sulphur characteristics.


At Sengata, KPC has developed a fully integrated and self-supporting mine with a series of open cut pits and coal preparation facilities. The Sengata mine is supported by a 10 MW coal fired power station which is supplemented by five generator sets of 9.4 MW of diesel capacity. The coal at the Sengata mine is delivered to the coal crushing plant where it is crushed and, if necessary, screened and washed at the coal washing plant and placed onto the conveyor belt for transportation to the shipping terminal. The coal crusher consists of seven double-roll single-pass roll crushers 1,200 tph capacity average. Afterwards, the coal is transported from stockpiles adjacent to the coal preparation area to the shipping terminal on the Kalimantan coast by a 13 km overland belt conveyor, which has a nominal handling capacity of 4,200 tph. The coal journey from the coal preparation to the shipping terminal takes less than 30 minutes.

At the coal shipping terminal in Sengata, Tanjung Bara Coal Terminal (“TBCT”), coal is either stacked or directly routed through the stockyard into the shiploaders. The TBCT’s stockpile has a total capacity of 1,200,000 tonnes and is capable of handling vessels up to 220,000 DWT at a rate of 4,700 tph.

At Bengalon, the run-of-mine produced is hauled by the contractors’ trucks over a distance of approximately 25 km to a barge loading facility, here shuttle barges transport the coal to a transloader located offshore.

KPC Ports are the port facilities of KPC, which incorporate the water rights to the Port of Tanjung Bara and Lubuk Tutung, the coal stockpiles, the deep water ocean berths and ship loaders. KPC Ports consists of TBCT, FTS, FCS, TBT, and LTT.


The Tanjung Bara Coal Terminal (TBCT), the main port, is the wharf with the twin quadrant ship loaders that has been in operations since 1991.
The Floating Transfer Station (FTS) is the offshore floating transhipper that discharges the coal from the barges and loads it on to the vessel using its shiploading conveyors.
The Floating Crane Station (FCS) is the offshore floating crane that discharges the coal from the barges and loads it on to the vessel using its cranes and grabs
The Tanjung Bara Self-Loading Transhipment (TBT) and Lubuk Tutung Self-Loading Transhipment (LTT) are the anchorage points where the vessels can do self-loading transhipment activities using the vessel’s gear in Tanjung Bara and Lubuk Tutung areas respectively, which will be supported with coal stockpiles, barge loaders, tugs, and barges.

All operations within the terminals and transhipment points come under the jurisdiction of the Indonesian Government Department of Sea Communications and all operations are subject to the laws and harbour regulations of Indonesia. KPC Ports are not public ports.

Kaltim Prima Coal
Arutmin Indonesia
Gallo Oil
Enercorp Ltd.
Bumi Mauritania A.S
Gorontalo Minerals
Citra Palu Minerals
Herald Resources Limited
Darma Henwa
Fajar Bumi Sakti

Source : www.bumiresources.com

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The Coal Classification

Intermediate in rank between subbituminous coal and anthracite according to the coal classification used in the United States and Canada.

In Britain bituminous coal is commonly called “steam coal,” and in Germany the term Steinkohle (“rock coal”) is used.

In the United States and Canada bituminous coal is divided into.

The most abundant form of coal, intermediate in rank between subbituminous coal and anthracite according to the coal classification used in the United States and Canada. In Britain bituminous coal is commonly called “steam coal,” and in Germany the term Steinkohle (“rock coal”) is used. In the United States and Canada bituminous coal is divided into high-volatile, medium-volatile, and low-volatile bituminous groups. High-volatile bituminous coal is classified on the basis of its calorific value on a moist, ash-free basis (ranging from 24 to 33 megajoules per kilogram; 10,500 to 14,000 British thermal units per pound), while medium-volatile and low-volatile bituminous coals are classified on the basis of the percentage of fixed carbon present on a dry, ash-free basis (ranging from 69 to 78 percent for medium-volatile and from 78 to 86 percent for low-volatile bituminous coal). Medium-volatile and low-volatile bituminous coals typically have calorific values near 35 megajoules per kilogram (15,000 British thermal units per pound) on a dry, ash-free basis.

Bituminous coal is dark brown to black in colour and commonly banded, or layered. Microscopically, three main groups of macerals (individual organic constituents of coal) can be recognized: vitrinite, liptinite, and inertinite. The glassy material in most bituminous coal is vitrinite, composed of macerals derived primarily from woody plant tissue. Because of its relatively high heat value and low (less than 3 percent) moisture content, its ease of transportation and storage, and its abundance, bituminous coal has the broadest range of commercial uses among the coals. It has long been utilized for steam generation in electric power plants and industrial boiler plants. In addition, bituminous coals that contain a fairly small amount of sulfur and cake (or “agglomerate”) easily are the only coals suited for making metallurgical coke—a hard, spongelike substance of almost pure carbon important for smelting iron ore.

A major problem associated with the burning of bituminous coal is air pollution. Burning bituminous coal with a high sulfur content releases sulfur oxides into the air. Under certain conditions, nitrogen present in coal is also released in the form of nitrogen oxides. When moisture in the atmosphere reacts with these gases, acids such as sulfuric acid are produced and fall to Earth as wet acid deposition (acid rain)—an agent that can damage buildings and crops and cause water pollution. Because of these serious pollution problems, and regulations stemming from the 1990 Clean Air Act, a growing number of coal-fired electric power plants in the United States have either installed cleaning devices to reduce air pollution emissions or switched to low-sulfur subbituminous coal. Some European countries have instituted similar measures, while others, such as France, have largely switched to nuclear power for the generation of their electricity. Many developing countries, such as China, seem to ignore the pollution problem altogether.

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Anthracite

Anthracite (Greek Ανθρακίτης, literally "a type of coal", from Anthrax [Άνθραξ], coal) is a hard, compact variety of mineral coal that has a high lustre. It has the highest carbon count and contains the fewest impurities of all coals, despite its lower calorific content.

Anthracite is the highest of the metamorphic rank, in which the carbon content is between 92% and 98%.[1] The term is applied to those varieties of coal which do not give off tarry or other hydrocarbon vapours when heated below their point of ignition. Anthracite ignites with difficulty and burns with a short, blue, and smokeless flame.

Other terms which refer to anthracite are blue coal, hard coal, stone coal (not to be confused with the German Steinkohle or Dutch steenkool which are broader terms meaning all varieties of coal of a stonelike hardness and appearance, like bituminous and often anthracite as well, as opposed to Lignite, which is softer), blind coal (in Scotland), Kilkenny coal (in Ireland), crow coal (or craw coal from its shiny black appearance), and black diamond ("Blue Coal" is the term for a once-popular, specific, trademarked brand of anthracite, mined by the Glen Alden Coal Company in Pennsylvania, and sprayed with a blue dye at the mine before shipping to its Northeastern U.S.A. markets to distinguish it from its competitors). The imperfect anthracite of north Devon and north Cornwall (around Bude) in England, which is used as a pigment, is known as culm. Culm is also the term used in geological classification to distinguish the strata in which it is found and similar strata in the Rhenish hill countries are known as the Culm Measures. In America, culm is used as an equivalent for waste or slack in anthracite mining.

Anthracite is similar in appearance to the mineraloid jet and is sometimes used as a jet imitation.

Anthracite differs from ordinary bituminous by its greater hardness, its higher relative density of 1.3-1.4, and luster, which is often semi-metallic with a mildly brown reflection. It contains a high percentage of fixed carbon and a low percentage of volatile matter. It is also free from included soft or fibrous notches and does not soil the fingers when rubbed. Anthracitization is the transformation of bituminous into anthracite.

The moisture content of fresh-mined anthracite generally is less than 15 percent. The heat content of anthracite ranges from 22 to 28 million Btu per short ton (26 to 33 MJ/kg) on a moist, mineral-matter-free basis. The heat content of anthracite coal consumed in the United States averages 25 million Btu/ton (29 MJ/kg), on the as-received basis (i.e., containing both inherent moisture and mineral matter). Note: Since the 1980s, anthracite refuse or mine waste has been used for steam electric power generation.

Anthracite may be considered to be a transition stage between ordinary bituminous and graphite, produced by the more or less complete elimination of the volatile constituents of the former, and it is found most abundantly in areas that have been subjected to considerable earth-movements, such as the flanks of great mountain ranges. Anthracite is a product of metamorphism and is associated with metamorphic rocks, just as bituminous is associated with sedimentary rocks. For example, the compressed layers of anthracite that are deep mined in the folded (metamorphic) Appalachian Mountains of the Coal Region of northeastern Pennsylvania are extensions of the layers of bituminous coal that are strip mined on the (sedimentary) Allegheny Plateau of Kentucky and West Virginia, and Western Pennsylvania. In the same way the anthracite region of South Wales is confined to the contorted portion west of Swansea and Llanelli, the central and eastern portions producing steam coal, coking coal and domestic house coals.

Structurally it shows some alteration by the development of secondary divisional planes and fissures so that the original stratification lines are not always easily seen. The thermal conductivity is also higher, a lump of anthracite feeling perceptibly colder when held in the warm hand than a similar lump of bituminous at the same temperature. The chemical composition of some typical anthracites is given in the article coal.

Economic value
In southwest Wales, anthracite was burned as a domestic fuel from the medieval period or earlier.[2]

In the United States, anthracite coal history began in 1790 in Pottsville, Pennsylvania, with the discovery of coal made by the hunter Necho Allen in what is now known as the Coal Region. Legend has it that Allen fell asleep at the base of Broad Mountain and woke to the sight of a large fire because his campfire had ignited an outcropping of anthracite coal. By 1795, an anthracite-fired iron furnace had been built on the Schuylkill River.

Anthracite was first experimentally burned as a residential heating fuel in the USA on 11 February 1808, by Judge Jesse Fell in Wilkes-Barre, Pennsylvania, on an open grate in a fireplace. Anthracite differs from wood in that it needs a draft from the bottom, and Judge Fell proved with his grate design that it was a viable heating fuel.

In the spring of 1808, John and Abijah Smith shipped the first commercially-mined load of anthracite down the Susquehanna River from Plymouth, Pennsylvania, marking the birth of commercial anthracite mining in the United States. From that first mine, production rose to an all-time high of over 100 million tons in 1917.

From the late 1800s until the 1950s, anthracite was the most popular fuel for heating homes and other buildings in the northern United States, until it was supplanted first by oil burning systems and more recently by natural gas systems as well. Many large public buildings, like schools, were heated with anthracite-burning furnaces through the 1980s.

Current anthracite production averages around 5 million tons per year.

The principal use of anthracite today is for a domestic fuel in either hand-fired stoves or automatic stoker furnaces. It delivers high energy per its weight and burns cleanly with little soot, making it ideal for this purpose. Its high value makes it prohibitively expensive for power plant use. Other uses include the fine particles used as filter media, and as an ingredient in charcoal briquettes.

Anthracite is processed into different sizes by what is commonly referred to as a breaker (see coal). The large coal is raised from the mine and passed through breakers with toothed rolls to reduce the lumps to smaller pieces. The smaller pieces are separated into different sizes by a system of graduated sieves, placed in descending order. Sizing is necessary for different types of stoves and furnaces.

During the American Civil War, Confederate blockade runners burned anthracite as fuel for their boilers to avoid giving away their position to the blockaders.[citation needed]

In the early 20th century United States, the Lackawanna Railroad started using only the more expensive anthracite coal in their passenger locomotives, dubbed themselves "The Road of Anthracite," and advertised widely that travelers on their line could make railway journeys without getting their clothing stained with soot. The advertisements featured a white-clad woman named Phoebe Snow and poems containing lines like "My gown stays white / From morn till night / Upon the road of Anthracite". Similarly, the Great Western Railway in the UK was able to use its access to anthracite (it dominated the anthracite region) to earn a reputation for efficiency and cleanliness unmatched by other UK companies.

Formerly, anthracite was largely used, both in America and South Wales, as blast-furnace fuel for iron smelting, but for this purpose it has been largely superseded by coke in the former country and entirely in the latter. An important application has, however, been developed in the extended use of internal combustion motors driven by the so-called "mixed", "poor", "semi-water" or "Dowson gas" produced by the gasification of anthracite with air and a small proportion of steam. This is probably the most economical method of obtaining power known; with an engine as small as 15 horse-power the expenditure of fuel is at the rate of only 1 lb. per horse-power hour, and with larger engines it is proportionately less. Large quantities of anthracite for power purposes were formerly exported from South Wales to France, Switzerland and parts of Germany. Commercial mining has now ceased.

In June 2008, anthracite was US$150/short ton wholesale.[3]

Anthracite coal mining today
Anthracite coal mining in Eastern Pennsylvania continues in the early 21st Century and contributes up to 1% of the Pennsylvania Gross State Product. Over 2,000 people were making their living mining anthracite coal as of 1995. Most of the mining currently involves reclaiming coal from slag heaps (waste piles from past coal mining) next to closed mines. Some underground anthracite coal mining is also taking place up to this day. As petroleum and natural gas grow more expensive, anthracite coal is growing more important as an energy source for an energy-hungry country.

Classifications
The common American classification is as follows:[citation needed]

Lump, steamboat, egg and stove coals, the latter in two or three sizes, all three being above 1-1/2 in. size on round-hole screens.
Classification Minimum Size (inches) Maximum Size (inches)

Chestnut 7/8 1 1/2
Pea 9/16 7/8
Buckwheat 3/8 9/16
Rice 3/16 3/8
Barley 3/32 3/16

The primary sizes used in the United States for domestic heating are Chestnut, Pea, Buckwheat and Rice, with Chestnut and Rice being the most popular. Chestnut and Pea are used in hand fired furnaces while the smaller Rice and Buckwheat are used in automatic stoker furnaces. Rice is currently the most sought after size due to the ease of use and popularity of that type of furnace.

In South Wales a less elaborate classification is adopted, but great care is exercised in hand-picking and cleaning the coal from included particles of pyrites in the higher qualities known as best malting coals, which are used for kiln-drying malt and hops.

Anthracite dust can be made into briquettes and is sold in the United Kingdom under trade names such as Phurnacite, Ancit and Taybrite.

Source : Wikipedia

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